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GENESYS: An Interactive Computer-Mediated Animation System

This is a digital copy of a 15:42 minute 16mm film made in 1970. It presents a demonstration of one of the pioneering interactive systems that would enable artists, with no previous computer training, to do animation. The system is called GENESYS, and it was built by Ron Baecker as part of his 1969 PhD thesis. This system is, IMHO, phenomenal for all kinds of reasons. It mainly used the Rand Tablet, the grandparent of today's graphics tablets, for input. Hence, animators, who were skilled in drawing, were presented with a familiar tool - a stylus - with which to interact with the computer, and be able to do so using already established drawing skills. This was one of the first systems ever to practice user-centred design, where the intended user was someone who not only was not computer literate, but came from a field - animation - that was about as far away from engineering as one could be. It is significant that the full demonstration is done by Lynn Smith, such an animator, and not by Ron or one of his colleagues from MIT. My challenge to anyone who is not impressed by this is the following: find any other demo of a highly interactive computer system from 1970 or earlier that does this. But this system is not just interesting because it did a lot of stuff a long time ago that we take for granted today. It goes beyond this. It introduces concepts in pen-based computing (and not just animation) that have high relevance today, and yet are still not possible, even on most pen-based systems (animation or otherwise). In particular, the key notion of GENESYS is that of "picture-driven-animation." That is, a picture could either be a visible object, or a motion path for some graphical object. And furthermore, not only could an object follow a hand-drawn motion path, it could do so with the same dynamics as the line was drawn. I love this work. It has a huge impact on my own, and I am really glad to finally have a high-quality digital copy that is generally available so that this work can get the attention that it deserves. This work was done at MIT's Lincoln Lab, and is just one example of the spectacular work that was done there on the TX-2 computer. For more information on GENESYS, see: Baecker, Ronald M. (1969). Interactive Computer-Mediated Animation. PhD Thesis, MIT. http://www.lcs.mit.edu/publications/pubs/pdf/MIT-LCS-TR-061.pdf Baecker, R.M. (1969). Picture-Driven Animation. Proceedings of the AFIPS Spring Joint Computer Conference, 273-288. For more information on the pioneering work at Lincoln Lab, including GENESYS, see: Buxton, William (2005). Interaction at Lincoln Laboratory in the 1960's: Looking Forward -- Looking Back. Panel Introduction. Proceedings of the 2005 ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, CHI'05, April 3-7, 2005, 1163-1167. http://billbuxton.com/LincolnLab.pdf For related historical work in interactive computer animation, see also: NRC(1971). Keyframe Animation. 7 minute 45 second 16 mm film produced by the National Research Council of Canada. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EPIE_h8jf6E Buxton, W. (2008). My Vision Isn't My Vision: Making a Career Out of Getting Back to Where I Started. In Thomas Erickson & David McDonald (Eds.). HCI Remixed: Reflections on Works That Have Influenced the HCI Community. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 7 - 12.

Interacting with Computers | Oxford Academic

An official journal of the BCS, the Chartered Institute for IT. Publishes interdisciplinary research on Human-Computer interaction, covering topics such as HCI

Advances in Human-Computer Interaction

Advances in Human-Computer Interaction is an interdisciplinary journal that publishes theoretical and applied papers covering the broad spectrum of interactive systems.