Trepanation is one of the most ancient operations It has been practiced since the Stone Age. Nowadays it is an integral part of almost all neurosurgical operations - it is how surgeons gain access to intracranial formations. Trepanation is performed by making holes in the skull and crossing the bone between these holes☝🏻 So, how did things work in Stone Age times? In a similar way, but, ahem, by different methods. We should also say that back then trepanation was performed not only for medical purposes, but also for ritual purposes.